A Brief History of Women in Higher Education

While more women than men have attended college in the U.S. since the late 1970s, female students were largely prevented from pursuing higher education until the 19th century. Before then, female seminaries were the primary alternative for women who wished to earn a higher degree. But women’s rights activists fought for higher education for female students, and college campuses turned out to be fertile ground for gender equality activism. Female Grads During the 17th and 18th Centuries Before the formal desegregation of mens and womens higher education, a small number of women graduated from universities. Most were from wealthy or well-educated families, and the oldest examples of such women can be found in Europe. Juliana Morell earned a law doctorate in Spain in 1608.Anna Maria van Schurman attended the university at Utrecht, Netherlands, in 1636.Ursula Agricola and Maria Jonae Palmgren were admitted to college in Sweden in 1644.Elena Cornaro Piscopia earned a doctor of philosophy degree at the University of Padua, Italy, in 1678.Laura Bassi earned a doctor of philosophy degree at the University of Bologna, Italy, in 1732, and then became the first woman to teach in an official capacity at any European University.Cristina Roccati received a university degree in Italy in 1751.Aurora Liljenroth graduated from college in Sweden in 1788, the first woman to do so. U.S. Seminaries Educated Women in the 1700s In 1742, the Bethlehem Female Seminary was established in Germantown, Pennsylvania, becoming the first institute of higher education for women in the United States. It was founded by the Countess Benigna von Zinzendorf, daughter of Count Nicholas von Zinzendorf, under his sponsorship. She was only 17 years old at the time.  In 1863, the state officially recognized the institution as a college and the college was then permitted to issue bachelor’s degrees. In 1913, the college was renamed the Moravian Seminary and College for Women, and, later, the institution became co-educational. Thirty years after Bethlehem opened, the Moravian sisters founded Salem College in North Carolina. It since became the Salem Female Academy and is still open today. Womens Higher Ed at the Turn of the 18th Century In 1792, Sarah Pierce founded the Litchfield Female Academy in Connecticut. The Rev. Lyman Beecher (father of Catherine Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Isabella Beecher Hooker) was among the lecturers at the school, part of the republican motherhood ideological trend. The school focused on educating women so that they could be responsible for raising an educated citizenry. Eleven years after Litchfield was established, Bradford Academy in Bradford, Massachusetts, began admitting women. Fourteen men and 37 women graduated in the first class of students. In 1837, the school changed its focus to only admit women.   Options for Women During the 1820s In 1821, Clinton Female Seminary opened; it would later merge into the Georgia Female College. Two years later, Catharine Beecher founded the Hartford Female Seminary, but the school did not survive beyond the 19th century. Beechers sister, writer Harriet Beecher Stowe, was a student at Hartford Female Seminary and later a teacher there.  Fanny Fern, a children’s author, and newspaper columnist, also graduated from Hartford. Lindon Wood School for Girls was founded in 1827 and continued as Lindenwood University. This was the first school of higher education for women that was located west of the Mississippi. The next year, Zilpah Grant founded Ipswich Academy, with Mary Lyon as an early principal. The purpose of the school was to prepare young women to be missionaries and teachers. The school took the name Ipswich Female Seminary in 1848 and operated until 1876. In 1834, Mary Lyon established the Wheaton Female Seminary in Norton, Massachusetts. She then started the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts, in 1837. Mount Holyoke received a collegiate charter in 1888, and today the schools are known as Wheaton College and Mount Holyoke College. Schools for Female Students During the 1830s Columbia Female Academy opened in 1833. It later became a full college and exists today as Stephens College. Now called Wesleyan, Georgia Female College was created in 1836 specifically so women could earn bachelor’s degrees. The following year, St. Mary’s Hall was founded in New Jersey as a female seminary. It is today a pre-K through high school named Doane Academy. More Inclusive Higher Ed From the 1850s Onward In 1849, Elizabeth Blackwell graduated from Geneva Medical College in Geneva, New York. She was the first woman in America admitted to a medical school and the first in the United States to receive a medical degree. The next year, Lucy Sessions made history when she graduated with a literary degree from Oberlin College in Ohio. She became the First African-American female college graduate. Oberlin was founded in 1833 and admitted four women as full students in 1837.  Only a few years later, more than a third (but less than half) of the student body were women. After Sessions earned her history-making degree from Oberlin, Mary Jane Patterson, in 1862, became the first African-American woman to earn a bachelors degree. Higher education opportunities for women really expanded during the late 1800s. The Ivy League colleges had been solely available to male students, but companion colleges for women, known as the Seven Sisters, were founded from 1837 to 1889.

Hiv, Aids, District Of Columbia - 1873 Words

HIV continues to be a global epidemic but the District of Columbia has seen its own epidemic with some of the highest rates of infection in the U.S. HIV/AIDS is a top health problem for health officials in the District of Columbia as many parts of the area face poverty, violence, and limited resources. This paper will introduce the HIV virus by discussing its brief history, the stages, and the current medication available. The District of Columbia will be the center of discussion as the reasons for the high rates; barriers to prevention, and prevention programs are discussed for this specific area and its population. The current prevention program and the measures of effectiveness will conclude this paper. Keywords: HIV, AIDS, District of Columbia HIV Epidemic Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or better known as HIV, has been in the United States since the mid to late 1970’s. HIV, if left untreated can lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS. Once HIV is contracted it is a life-long disease and as of today there is no cure for the virus. The virus works by destroying CD4, or T cells, and eventually destroys enough to break down the body’s ability to fight off infection and disease. If left untreated the virus will break down the CD4 cells and once these cell levels drop below 200 cells per cubic millimeters of blood you are then considered to have developed AIDS (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The virus is thought to of come from WestShow MoreRelatedMy Awakening And Public Health848 Words   |  4 Pagespublic health occurred in junior high school when one of my close friends disclosed to me that he contracted HIV from his partner who did not disclose his status. As a senior exit proje ct, we collaborated together to help spread awareness to our peers and led open discussions on safe sex practices. The support of our peers and their genuine interest in becoming more knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS was most memorable. Being a confidant for him and understanding how this virus affected his activities ofRead MoreThe Separation Of Sex Education1012 Words   |  5 Pagesregulations as to what method they can teach as well as single sex teaching. Meaning the separation of sex education for boys and girls. â€Å"22 states and the District of Columbia require public schools teach sex education (20 of which mandate sex education and HIV education). 33 states and the District of Columbia require students receive instruction about HIV/AIDS. 19 states require that if provided, sex education must be medically, factually or technically accurate. State definitions of â€Å"medically accurateRead MoreEssay on Reproductive Health in Low Income Women1436 Words   |  6 Pages The District of Columbia (D.C) is made up of 52.8% females, 54% African Americans, and 40.6% Caucasians. Of the roughly 600,000 living in D.C., 101,400 (or 16.9%) are living below the poverty line (US Census, 2009). Over the years, the poverty rate in D.C. has continued to grow. With this number growing, there is a profound need to learn more about the women that are being affected. That being said, it is important to learn more about sexual and reproductive health in low-income women. In the DistrictRead MoreHiv Prevention Is A Preventable Disease1062 Words   |  5 PagesToday, as we must know HIV is still spreading around the world and neither a vaccine nor a cure exists. The prevention of the disease remains the main key of the strategy to stop the epidemic. The most common mode of HIV transmission is sexual contact; therefore, HIV prevention is closely linked to the sexual and reproductive health of men and women. Effective prevention programs include interventions that promote sex abstinence, delay sexual initiation, maintain a mutually faithful partner, limitRead MoreDrug Use And Its Effect On Crime1610 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant difference in drug use but they sure did see a huge change in the number of deaths and cases of HIV linked to drug abuse, decriminalization focused on treatment and prevention instead of putting people in jails would decrease the number of deaths and infections. Years later, the number of deaths from street drug overdoses has dropped from 400 to 290 annually, the number of new HIV cases that were caused by using dirty needles to inject heroin, cocaine and other illegal substances droppedRead MoreWeb Based Resources Guide : Free Legal Services1065 Words   |  5 Pagesincomes find free legal aids programs in their communities and able to answer all questions about legal rights. There are a lot of legal services throughout the United States, and all of them are non-profit organization. Moreover, most of the people they hel p have low incomes, but some agencies have more flexible regulations. The Legal Service Corporation currently provides funding to 134 independent nonprofit legal aid organizations in every state, the District of Columbia, and U.S. Territories.Read MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana And Cannabis Programs854 Words   |  4 Pagesyears before being struck down by the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. However, with so much publicity the legal process of the petition generated within the drug culture of the 1960 s through the 1970 s in America, it likely convinced state authorities to reassess the restrictions against marijuana (Huntington’s Outreach Project for Education at Stanford, 2012). In 1982, 31 states and the District of Columbia had passed legislation granting the prescription of marijuana. In 1996, CaliforniaRead MoreSex Education : Why It s Important1131 Words   |  5 Pagesnewfound needs and desires. Though this may be what many enjoy doing, it does come with its own consequences. Regardless of age, sex can definitely result in a multitude of burdens including unwanted pregnancies, as well as various STDs and HPVs (HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, Herpes, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, etc) and other negative consequences. With an astounding lack of proper information regarding sex education, it is no wonder that this is an epidemic. It is obvious that this occurs in a growing number ofRead MoreEthics in Public Health Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesIn the last three decades HIV/ AIDS has become the one of the most notorious and widely spread diseases in the modern world. Its discovery in the late seventies prompted worldwide concern. The one thing that has become the most bothersome thing about the HIV/ AIDS epidemic is prevention. Prevention or stopping the transmission of the diseases is hindered by factors such as: denial or non-acceptance by infected persons, unsafe sex, and non-disclosure by infected persons to their at risk sexual partner(s)Read More Sample Resume : Comprehensive Sex Education887 Words   |  4 Pageseducation have changed as well. State legislature about sex education is very diverse across the country. As of July 2014, twenty-two states and the District of Colombia (D.C.) now require sex education and twenty of those states require HIV/AIDS information to be taught as well. Cumulatively, 33 of the 50 states and DC require at least HIV/AIDS education, but not necessarily any actual sex education. Out of the 50 states, only 19 require that the information provided, if provided at all, be medically

Unit 21 Level 2 Btec Business, P1 + P2 Free Essays

Subject: Two different businesses in London. Procedure: I have visited da coca cola enterprise in Edmonton, Never the less I have also been to Ash’s cafe. Findings: Coca- Cola enterprise limited in Edmonton. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 21: Level 2 Btec Business, P1 + P2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Purpose: Framework defines what being the best means for CCE, and outlines the strategic priorities that will help us become the best so we can drive consistent, longterm, profitable growth. Strategic Priorities: Grow value of existing brands and expand our product portfolio responsibly, Transform our gotomarket model to improve efficiency and effectiveness and Attract, develop and retain a highly talented and diverse workforce. Values: Accountable: We do what we say we will do, Customerfocused: We succeed only when we exceed the expectations of our customers and Teamdriven: We win as a team, and do it the right way. Business model /ownership: The coca cola enterprise is a public limited company. Nevertheless the company sells shares to raise investment, and it is owned and controlled by the managing director and other employed staff to run the plant. The brand name of coca- cola is known globally- in most countries in the world including the United States of America and countries outside of Europe. Location of the business: The organisation of coca cola enterprise is located in Edmonton. Nevertheless it is located off the A406 which is situated off the Lee valley industrial estate. Sector of business: The sector of the coca cola enterprise is in the secondary and the tertiary sector. This is because; the factory buys raw materials from other companies such as sugar from Tate and Lyle and produces their beverages. Coca- Cola enterprise Edmonton also sells their products and offers a service to the customer in relation, to storage of the product and how best to market it. Size of the business: The size of coca cola enterprise in Edmonton is medium because, it employs approximately 226 staff, who works 9:00- 17:00 or shifts to keep the plants up run. Retail channel: The coca cola enterprise in Edmonton is a bottling company. Nevertheless the retail channel is to allocate their products to other companies like supermarkets, warehouse, shops and other business. The appropriate of coca cola enterprise: It is a successful business and is running successful. It is appropriate because it is the only bottling factor in Edmonton. It is also suitable because it is it is on an industrial estate with other factories. How to cite Unit 21: Level 2 Btec Business, P1 + P2, Papers

Global Business Management Child Labour

Question: Discuss about theGlobal Business Managementfor Child Labour. Answer: Memo to the Boss: To: Managing Director From: Manager Date: Subject: Regarding the deal with the garment contractor As per the CEO of our company, the garment contractor of the company is outsourcing the part of the operation from a sub-contractor, who is operating the business by employing the child labor in Bangladesh. Using the child labor in the business is one of the most unethical business practices and as per the Labor Law 2006 in Bangladesh the child labor under the age of 14 is also illegal (Unicef.org 2016). Our company is directly not related with the business of the sub-contractor; however from ethical point of view, I feel that we take some steps to stop this practice. There is one way that we can inform the garment contractor and ask the contractor to stop dealing with the sub-contractor as the sub-contractor is doing an illegal practice. However, there is huge chance that the garment contractor may disagree with our view because the garment contractor is doing a business deal and so the garment contractor is highly motivated by profit margin. If the garment contractor is gaining high profit by dealing with the sub-contractor, then it is possible that the contractor will not be agreed to stop dealing with the sub-contractor. In that case, we can stop it by informing the contractor that we will stop business deal if the contractor does not stop dealing with the sub-contractor. I think, as the garment contractor deals with our company for several years and the value of the business deal is huge, there is a possibility that the garment contractor will consider our view. As a business person, the garment contractor will not want to lose a valuable and loyal client. There is another option available to us if we want to stop such an illegal and unethical practice. We can talk directly to the sub-contractor regarding this unethical practice and can try to make the sub-contractor understand the bad side of this unethical and illegal business practice (Vandenhole 2015). We can explain to the sub-contractor that how their goodwill or image can be hampered due to such business practice. However, the main thing is that we need to take proper step to stop the illegal and unethical practice of using child labor. At the same time, we can also arrange for a business meeting with the contractor as well as with the sub-contractor and in that meeting we can place our view point and can listen their views. With the help of this meeting, we can come to a suitable solution by considering the interests of all the parties that are the garment contractor, the sub-contractor and our company. Hope, you will consider my points and I feel these are the possible solutions available to us if our company wants to stand against any unethical and illegal business practice. Hope you will take the best decision for the future betterment of our company as well as the overall society. Thanking You Regards Reference List: Unicef.org. 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/Child_labour.pdf [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016]. Vandenhole, W., Desmet, E., Reynaert, D. and Lambrechts, S. eds., 2015.Child Labour, Working Children and Childrens Rights(pp. 316-330). Abingdon: Routledge.